How to Write an Effective Thesis for a Comparative Essay

No matter what your major, there's usually no escape from English literature and composition classes and a compare-contrast essay assignment. Many students get nervous when their professors ask them to write an essay about the similarities and differences between two or more texts or ideas, especially when writing the thesis for the essay; however, writing a thesis for a compare-contrast essay is not as difficult as you may think.InstructionsRead the assignment sheet carefully before you begin so you can follow the professor's instructions exactly. Each professor usually has his own idiosyncrasies, so underline everything the professor expects you to include in the thesis. While writing the thesis, refer back to the underlined notes. 2Make a list of similarities and differences between the texts, ideas or events.Sponsored Links Simple Project TemplateYes. It's easy. Nothing to install. Try it Free! www.smartsheet.comNarrow down similarities and differences to specific ideas to avoid writing a compare-contrast thesis that is too broad. For example the compare-contrast thesis, â€Å"The media depict people in different roles compared to the realities of the general population,† is too general.Begin your statement with words like whereas, while, even though, and although to suggest a contrasting element will follow. For example: Although the media depict most women as housewives and stay-at-home mothers, in reality many women work full time and put their children in daycare.Make sure the thesis for a compare and contrast essay compares and contrasts two or more ideas. One of the most common basic ways to write a thesis statement for a compare contrast essay is as follows: While Jane Austin's novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† underscores themes of pride, prejudice and women and marriage, and Mary Shelly's story â€Å"Frankenstein† reveals themes of madness, the sublime, and justice, it is apparent by juxtaposing these two novels that most women during the early 19th century felt trapped in a patriarchal society that restricted the roles of women, especially in marriage. 6Familiarize yourself with literary devices other than theme for compare and contrast essays. Rhetorical devices such as allegory, characterization, climax, symbolism, foreshadowing, figurative language, simile, imagery, irony, metaphor, motifs, personification, tone and other devices can add interest to a thesis statement for a compare-contrast essay.Read more: http://www.ehow.com/how_5012335_write-statement-compare-contrast-essay.html#ixzz2rPnmEClT

Federal Highway Act Essay

The accounting part of the airline industry focuses on the financial statements. The financial statements are composed of the balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows. The customers and the general public are more interested in the passenger ticket prices as well as the cargo shipping rates. The following paragraphs expounds on some of the many issues on the United States Airline Industry. In the article The Future of American Transportation Policy, the Federal Highway Act of 1956 was an important milestone in the history of American airline transportation and travel history.  For, it focused on the finished the interstate highway system. Finally, the completion occurred in the early 1990s which where the general agreement on transportation among the Americans had faded away. Many economists had expressed their concern over the American government’s management the transportation infrastructure. (Dilger, 2003). And, in the article The Law on Securities, was approved into law within the market economy development and the entrepreneurship program as the 1989 era closed. It was again revised in June of 1990. For, many airline companies trade their shares of stocks in Wall Street and other stock markets to any one who wants to own a part of airline companies. This law gives the guidelines on the issuance of treasury bills, commercial notes and bonds. This law gives a wide interpretation on how people can ‘buy’ a share of an airline company. Meaning, any airline company that has a profit character can freely offer its shares to the moneyed public. These shares are generally divided into ordinary (common) shares, preferred (as to dividend payments), cumulative, non –cumulative, bearer and registered shares of stocks. In addition, the airline companies can also enter into a creditor –debtor relationship when it offers bonds and other short term liability securities. However, the stocks offered in the stock markets must be branded as profitable in order to sell like hotcakes. To accomplish this, the airline companies offer to the interested investors free copies of their income statements that show that they have been making (passing) the grade because profits is the bottom line of the company for the past year or years of actual airline operations. And, to further give credence to the airline companies’ balance sheet and income statements, the companies attached an auditor’s reported that the financial statements are fairly presented. On the other hand, an auditor’s report stating that the financial statements are adversely presented means that the financial reported issued by the company are falsely  presented. Also, an auditor’s report that gives a â€Å"no opinion† portion shows that the financial statements have not been audited for one reason or another (Skof & Vukmir, 1993). Further, the article The CEO as an Organization Designery states that Professor Germeshausen, a Professor Emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opined that many senior officers in the airline companies can comfortably assess ahead of time the effect ad influence of their many policies on the stableness, growth nuances and the monetary behavior of the organizations that they manage and are responsible for. (Keough & Doman, 1992) Also, the article A Problem –Finding Approach to Tactical Planning states that questions should be answered by the airline managers for tactical planning in terms of strategic planning environment. Some specific and important questions that could be asks include â€Å"What Corporate planning information is needed by top management and corporate planners to give direction to the company tomorrow? † should be renovated to the better â€Å"What tactical plans are needed by middle –level managers to insure a high level of sales (such as an annual increase in prior sales by a minimum benchmark of fifteen percent). Another good question would be to â€Å"did the company generate profits generated after deducting total costs and expense from the net sales? † One way of answering this question well is for the managers to implement a budget. A budget will state the maximum costs and expenses that the company will pay and the projected net sales and collections of accounts receivables in advance (a month or more ahead of the actual use of the expenses and cots). The budget shows the estimated amounts that will occur in the future such as the budgeted sales, budgeted purchases, budgeted production, budgeted administration expenses, the budgeted marketing and promotion expenses, budgeted balance sheet and other budgets. In addition, the planning strategy using the â€Å"what if this happens? †, and the accompanying â€Å"what must be done to win here? † approach will be a very useful tool to plan for a future action to resolve a future problem in terms of cost, expenses, sales, production and the like. To resolve this, the company must continuously update its information database because lack of information may result to a wrong decision or interpretation of data.

Alka-Seltzer Reaction Rates Lab

Alka-Seltzer Reaction Rates Lab What are the different factors the effect the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer? Matthew Arkfeld Leah Gilligan Jessie Abbott Period 4 June 2nd, 2008 Background Research: o The objective of the experiment was to determine if different factors affect the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer. Alka-Seltzer provides fast relief to acid indigestion, upset stomach, heartburn, headaches, body aches and pains. It is an antacid and pain relief medicine used by millions of consumer’s everyday. It is sold at local pharmacies over the counter and supermarkets worldwide. The original Alka-Seltzer was invented in 1931, the active ingredients are: 325 mg of Aspirin, 1000mg of Citric Acid and 1916mg of Sodium Bicarbonate, designed to treat pain and simultaneously neutralize excess stomach acid. It is provided in the form of large effervescent tablets, which are dissolved in a glass of water. As the tablets dissolve, the base (bicarbonate) and the acid (citric acid) react v igorously producing carbon dioxide gas, which also produces enough agitation to allow the active ingredients to dissolve slowly. In our lab, our objective was to test if water at different temperatures, salt, and vinegar, would affect the reaction rate of Alka Seltzer tablets. However we thought, that the size of the tablet would not matter. Therefore, we decided to test Alka Seltzer broken into fragment and completely ground up as well as the normal tablet. Hypothesis and Variables: o Hypothesis: We believe that hot water, and vinegar will affect the rate of the reaction, however, the size of the tablet does not matter. Independent Variables: temperature of water (ice, room, hot), Size of tablet (whole, pieces, powdered), Solution it is in (tap, vinegar, salt water). o Dependent Variable: The rate of reaction of Alka-Seltzer. Materials: o 3-quart size jars, 3 Alka-seltzer tablets, ice water, room temperature water, hot water, stopwatch, thermometer, vinegar, salt, tablespoon. Proce dure: 1. Fill one of the jars a third of the way with ice. Put tap water in it until it is half way full. Let it come to a stable temperature. 2. Fill the second jar half way filled with room temperature water. . Fill the third jar half way with hot tap water (run tap on hot for one minute). 4. Use the thermometer to record temperature for the three waters. Record in table. 5. Put an Alka-Seltzer tablet in each jar and use a stopwatch to record how many seconds it takes to dissolve. Do not stir or mix the tablet! Record all results. 6. Put all the liquids down the drain and rinse out jars throughouly with water. 7. Fill the jars half way with room temperature water. 8. In the first jar, place a whole Alka seltzer tablet. Record the time it takes for it to completely dissolve. 9. Repeat step 9 with the Alka seltzer broken into 8-10 pieces. Record the time it takes to dissolve. 10. Repeat step 9 with the Alka-Seltzer tablet completely crushed into powder. (Crush between two pieces of paper with a hammer) Record the time it takes for it to completely dissolve. 11. Rinse all jars completely and throughout again. 12. Fill one jar half the way with room temperature water. Fill another jar one half full with vinegar. Finally fill the last jar half way with salt water. (2 tablespoons, room temperature). 13. Pour an Alka-Seltzer tablet in each jar and record time it takes to completely dissolve. 4. Observe your results. Observations and Data: | |Water Temperature |Time to Dissolve | |Ice Water |1 degree f |155 seconds | |Room Temperature |74 degrees f |47 seconds | |Hot Water |110 degrees f |24 seconds | |Time to Dissolve | |Whole Alka-Seltzer |45 seconds | |Broken into Pieces |40 seconds | |Powdered |11 seconds | |Time to Dissolve | |Tap Water |46 seconds | |Vine gar |68 seconds | |Salt Water |77 seconds | Data Analysis: o We observed that a whole piece takes more time to dissolve in water than an Alka Seltzer completely ground up. As well as, temperature changes the speed of the reaction in the dissolving process. Finally, vinegar, and salt, slow down the reaction time between the tablet and water. Conclusion: o We discovered that it is best to take Alka seltzer with hot water in order to dissolve the tablet the quickest. As temperature decreases, the amount of time that th reaction takes increases. As well as, adding other components such as salt and vinegar slow down rather than speed up the reaction. Therefore that rection is best in water at a high temperature. o Our hypothesis was wrong in that, seltzer-seltzer in different shapes affcts the reaction rather than not causing any difference in it. Sources of Error: Temperature could have been off, thermometer was broken, and tap water at room temperature was affected by air conditioning. Application: o Through this experiment we have learned that temperature affects the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer tablets. As well as, size and solution dissolved in, can either speed up or slow down the reaction. For fastest results, Alka-Seltzer should be broken up into powered pieces and be taken with hot water.

Politics in the Middle East Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politics in the Middle East - Assignment Example The assignment "Politics in the Middle East" addresses such issues as Arab nationalism and particularly Zionism and the Israeli-Palestine conflict. Arab nationalism refers to an ideology that channeled for the union of Arab countries based on their common language and religion. It was an advocacy for socialism and Arab ideologies to create unity among Arab countries. Since the end of European imperialism from the Middle East, several nationalistic movements emerged. Countries such as Iran, Israel, and Turkey experienced several Arab nationalism movements. Several political events were responsible for the development of Arab nationalism in different countries. Israel is very fundamental in the history of Arab nationalism. Zionism was a renowned movement that united Jews and informed the ideologies that channeled for their independence. According to Jews, Zionism was a movement that focused on the restoration of their cultural and religious beliefs. It culminated into the ideas of new Jew. Jews occupy most of Israel that campaigned for the Zionist movements. After 1967, during the six-day conflict, Arab nationalism and considerations turned to be a factor of political marginality. After Egypt’s defeat by Israel, there was a call for the Arab Union by President Nasser. The modernization of Turkey was a key event in the development of Arab nationalism. The last Ottoman left Turkey in 1923. Under Kemal, Turkey eliminated all Arabic elements and reformed the country’s language to the Turkish language.

Critical Theory of International Relations and Neorealism Essay

Critical Theory of International Relations and Neorealism - Essay Example Neorealism show the triumph of social control and structure in defining international relations. The international structure provides a constraint on state actions and although essentially the international structure is decentralised and anarchic, states strive for survival, security and balance of power (Dougherty 2001). Neorealism thus emphasises structural constraints over social perceptions and collective motivations and is more constrained in its explanations of IR. On the other hand, critical theories of international relations would focus on a critical study of IR which would emphasise on origin, development and nature of historical structures of IR. Critical theories of international relations are oriented to critiquing and changing society considering wide perspectives derived from Kantian and Marxian traditions which aim to consider historical and social perspectives within a theory. According to Marxist theories, capital accumulation and explanation of international systems on the basis of such integrated capiatlist approaches is at the focus of socialist concerns. Marxist theories see colonialism as a method of capital accummulation as captive markets show new forms of dependence on more developed countries. Marxist theories suggest that developed countries penetrate developing countries with missionaries, military power, multinational companies and political advisors to integrate these economies into a larger capitalist system. Within the context of developing societies being exploited considering their markets, natural resoruces and raw materials, Marxist theories also use the concept of social class with individuals comprising of the higher class of society being exploitative of the lower class using the sole aim of capital accumulation (Linklater 1990, Burchill 1996). Another critical theory would be social constructivism which gives an epistemological dimension to postpositivist theories and lies in between positivist and postpositivist perspectives. Social constructivism focuses not on the economic aspects, unlike Marxism but on the theory of social ideas or perception showing that international structure constitutes identities and interests of state. The focus of social constructivism is on the state and actions of the state and as constructvism suggests that views and ideas are constructed, social constructivism deals with human experience and social perception. Social constructivism is of the contention that all knowledge of reality including race and gender are actively created by social relationships and interactions and that all meaning are derived from social structures (Brown, 2001, Taylor 1978). The emphasis is thus on society, social meaning and social activity giving meaning to social interactions and reality. Critical constructivism would argue that all proof or fact as seen in empirical research as in natural sciences could be considered as a social or

Controversy Analysis -- Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Controversy Analysis -- Death Penalty - Essay Example The topic is of interest to me in that I would like to know why some countries still practice death penalty and why others abolished. Personally I view death penalty as inhuman and that it is better for capital offenders to be life imprisoned than executed. They could be given a chance to live because humans are made to make mistakes. Therefore, the death penalty should be banned and other form of punishments should be embarked to judge capital criminal offenders. In â€Å"ancient Greece’s death penalty dilemma and its influence on modern society† by Robert Blecker explains the history of death penalty, and reasons why abolitionist are against the act. The abolitionists term the act as being cruel, inconsistent and do not value human beings. They further claim that death, as a punishment is not equitable to any punishment regardless of the size of the crime. According to Blecker, the death penalty should be abolished since it goes against human culture (Blecker 60). He further adds that for the past 30 years many countries are in a big dilemma on how to punish people who have committed capital crimes. From 1200-800 B.C homicide was termed to be more personal than a capital crime. The victim’s family without the involvement of the law punished a person who had committed murder through death (Blecker 60). The victim’s family either killed him or took a monetary exchange equitable to the crime committed. However, in ancient Greece they claimed that monetary value is not comparable to the blood of a human being. Therefore, a capital criminal offender just punishment was death. For instance, in Athens once, the family of the victim went public, the offender was considered a pollutant to the society and anyone had a mandate to kill the offender once spotted. Nevertheless, over the years many European countries have abolished capital punishment and have embraced life imprisonment for capital offenders. The US however, still practice the act for any individual found guilty of capital offenses. Constitutional debate on death penalty has been going on for years, with some philosophers dismissing the act (Blecker 61). The law is required to be careful when the decision is made to execute an individual. Certain considerations should be made on whether the victim of the death penalty is a juvenile or not, or whether the individual is mentally stable. In addition, the abolitionist also recommends that one time criminal offenders should not be on death penalty, because given a chance they can change. On the contrary, Blecker also discussed the issue of morals with regard to death penalty (Blecker 64). He argued that most people are against death penalty terming it as immoral and inconsiderate. Nonetheless, moral norms differ from one society to another, thus some communities view death penalty as the right way of punishing capital criminal offenders. Some philosophers argue that death penalty was established for the soul purp ose of revenge and retribution. Therefore, death penalty should be practiced based on reasonable facts rather than revenge and hatred (Blecker 65). The article is more about death penalty in ancient Greece. Thus, the article gives in detail the history of death penalty and how the society views the issue. Additionally, the article also gives the changes that have taken place over the years with regard to death penalty. The article’s strong points include the origins of death sentence and the view of abolitionist. Robert Blecker is a professor of law in New York

The Russian revolution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Russian revolution - Coursework Example n such a perspective, the provincial government initially enjoyed massive public support but the failure to work on the land reforms, the people’s greatest popular demand, and their reign diminished as workers and peasants believed only the soviets would provide solutions to their problems (570). The Russian revolution has significant impact on the people and the region. There was significant physical damage in addition to the numerous deaths that resulted from the revolution. For the survivors, post trauma stress disorder remains eminent up to date. The end of the war coincided with the rise of a deadly influenza pandemic, which spread majorly because of the wartime traffic in both land and sea. Under the leadership of Bolshevik and the support of the common people, the soviets attacked the provincial government leading to the cease of the wall as the Americans made an intervention into the war. Other than the American intervention after the end of the war, appropriate measures were put in place in ensuring that any recurrence was not possible. Considering the occurrences of the Russian Revolution, it is evidently clear that the revolution fits the model of political revolutions. First, most political revolutions involve different emerging forces that scramble for power control. In the current state, Petrograd soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Disputes and the provincial government are emerging forces. Additionally, like in most political revolutions, there is the signing of the treaty as a means of cease-fire. The same happens in the Russian Revolution as America’s intervention results in the

The different directions in Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The different directions in Judaism - Essay Example Most people translate the Halakha as a Jewish law, however, in the real sense, it means the path. That is the manner in which people ought to live. On this basis, most Jews who lived in the diaspora used the Halakha as a source of their religious and civil laws. In the contemporary and modern Jewish society, the personal and the family laws are always under the authority of the rabbi courts. On this basis, the family and personal values are always under the guidance of the Halakha. In interpreting the Halakha, there are three main Jewish directions, namely the Orthodox, the liberal, and the Hasidism directions. The Orthodox Jews believe in the Halakha as a religious system (Landesmann and Jones, 2012). They believe that the Halakha is a revelation of the will of God. Orthodox Jews believe that the Rabbis have a duty of interpreting the written Torah, where its provisions are not clear. However, they must only to do so with the regulations specified by Moses, at the mountain of Sinai. These regulations under consideration were transmitted orally, and they are clearly explained in the book of Talmud. Orthodox Jews believe that no rabbi has an authority to change the Jewish laws contained in the Talmud and the Torah, all they can do is to give an interpretation of these laws. However, their interpretations are subject to change, and reconsideration. According to the Orthodox Judaism, the role of a woman is dynamic and complex. Women under the Orthodox Judaism are allowed to engage in business, to observe the Sabbath, to engage in activities aimed for their personal development, and this includes academics, etc. The role of Jewish Orthodox women revolve around the mentioned areas. However, the Halakha does not identify the specific duties and roles of women amongst the Orthodox Jews; however, the orthodox Jews believe that the Halakha only provides guidance on how women should live. The orthodox Jews believe in the role of a

Strategy Formulation (IP Unit 3) Research Paper

Strategy Formulation (IP Unit 3) - Research Paper Example The process of strategy formulation just like that for decision-making follows a six steps procedure that must not be followed chronologically but must be integrated conclusively. It is therefore quiet useful to consider strategy formulation as part of strategic management that entails the diagnostic approach, Formulation and implementation. Diagnosis involves performing a situation analysis where the internal environment of the organization is analyzed while implementation is a stage in formulation where the strategies that are considered appropriate for the operations of the company are put to practice, monitoring, and evaluation (Day, 1986). Strategy formulation is a six steps module that is incorporated under three main aspects. The steps entail - first setting the organizational goals and objectives, which must be long-term in nature, the objectives, reiterates the state of being there while a strategy shows us how to reach there. After the objectives are well laid, environmenta l scanning is done which entails the review of both the external and internal environments which range from economic to industrial and in which the organization at stake operates (Day, 1986). The management then sets quantitative targets to be achieved through the set organizational objectives. This is to aid comparison with the long-term customers and realize their input and contribution to the overall missions and visions of the organization. The next step is to aim overall goals with divisional outputs where the contributions made by each department are quantified and consolidated. Then performance analysis if done where the gap between the planned and the desired performance is analyzed. A strategy is then chosen from the alternatives projected, considering the organizational goals, strengths, and actual potential visa vi the external environment, a choice is made. As pointed out earlier by Day (1986), strategy formulation is crafted under three major aspects, which involves; co rporate level strategy, competitive strategy and functional strategy. Corporate level strategy is concerned majorly of the vast decisions around the total organization’s scope and direction so that there are detected changes to be made to realize growth objective for a given firm. Competitive strategy is aimed at making decisions on how the company should compete to remain relevant in its line of business (LOB) or its strategic business units (SBU). Functional strategy on the other hand deals with how each of the available functional areas is likely to carry out its functional activities (Day, 1986). "FIRST-MOVER" THEORY OR "LATE-MOVER" THEORY Our case is the competitive business strategy where the management is faced with the situation of whether to dev elope a completely new brand of a product or simply produce the already existing brand that a competitor in the same industry is involved. This they expect to do through either the, â€Å"first mover theory† or â€Å" late mover theory† (Green & Ryans, 1990). Timing of the market by most firms is a very important aspect of their operation. This can either be early entry into the market or late entries hence the two theories. Furthermore, market entry timing decisions are the bridge between the functional strategy and the corporate business strategy, therefore, when timing and scope decisions are combined there is always a realization of a superior market (Green & Ryans, 1990). First movers into the market are normally likely to benefit from above normal

The Corporate Governance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Corporate Governance - Article Example In civil-law countries, company law consists of statute law; in common-law countries, it consists partly of the ordinary rules of common law and equity and partly statute law. Two fundamental legal concepts underlie the whole of company law: the concept of legal personality and the theory of limited liability. Nearly all statutory rules are intended to protect either creditors or investors. There are various forms of legal business entities ranging from the sole trader, who alone bears the risk and responsibility of running a business, taking the profits, but as such not forming any association in law and thus not regulated by special rules of law, to the registered company with limited liability and to multinational corporations. In a partnership, members "associate," forming collectively an association in which they all participate in management and sharing profits, bearing the liability for the firm's debts and being sued jointly and severally in relation to the firm's contracts o r tortuous acts. All partners are agents for each other and as such are in a fiduciary relationship with one another. Limited-liability Companies or Corporations The company or corporation, unlike the partnership, is formed not simply by an agreement entered into between its first members; it must also be registered at a public office or courts designated by law or otherwise obtain the official acknowledgment of its existence. Under English and American law the company or corporation is incorporated by filing the company's constitution (memorandum and articles of association, articles or certificate of incorporation) signed by its first members at the Companies Registry in London or, in the United States, at the office of the state secretary of state or corporation commissioner. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING BRITISH [companies overview] In Britain, the vast majority of companies are incorporated under the Companies Act 1985. The Act creates a distinction between private companies and public limited companies. Only a tiny fraction of companies incorporated in Britain are registered as public limited companies.Nevertheless, from a corporate governance perspective, they are of primary importance. A private company cannot apply to have its equity traded on a stock exchange, and debates about corporate governance in the United Kingdom have focused almost exclusively on companies that are publicly quoted. In the United Kingdom, most public companies that have their shares quoted for trading have been admitted to the Official List maintained by the Stock Exchange and are known as "listed" companies. A listed company is obliged to comply with the Listing Rules of London's Stock Exchange (commonly referred to as the "Yellow Book").The Yellow Book regulates the conduct of key transactions and imposes substantial disclosure obligations on listed companies.

Chinese and American High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese and American High School - Essay Example So, a student who is attentive but never speaks up is prone to receiving a lower grade. However, in America, students’ personal expression is valued heavily, which affects the final grade. Many classes are based on group-based discussion, speeches, and classroom participation. The high schools of both the countries express cultural values. The Chinese classroom environment is collectivist where the teacher is the authority and the students lead him, while an American classroom is individualistic where each and every student is given attention. Chinese teachers may call students in front of the class, and tell them to discuss the lesson or ask questions. American students consider it damaging for their self-esteem if they are called individually in front of the class. They consider it shameful if they are not able to answer a question while the whole class looks at them. This is not the case in Chinese classrooms.To conclude, both the Chinese and the American high schools are f it for their own countries’education systems. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages, and their own systems of admissions and examinations. There are differences in classroom environments, parental concerns, teacher attention, and curricula. No matter how much different they are with respect to their classroom environments, teaching processes, and examination systems, the truth is that both countries’ high schools are trying their best to raise highly qualified students who are able to go far ahead in their academic lives.

The Presence of Fear in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Fear in Lord of the Flies Essay The presence of fear in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies is a relatively short book, but within its small amount of text William Golding is able to do much more than tell an exciting story. He digs deep into human nature and the natural corruption in peoples souls. He specifically explores the impact that fear has on people and how it makes them act. In Goldings eyes, humans are doomed just as the children on the island are, and that is because of fear. He believes that just the presence of terror causes people to overreact and lose common sense, tearing away at the bonds that hold society together. In an attempt to calm or soothe their worries, people end up separating, singling out others and letting their inner savage take over, leaving themselves in an even worse situation. In Lord of the Flies, fear slowly drives all common sense and civility out of the boys and brings them back to a state of savagery. The boys are scared from the beginning of the novel. At first, they are too excited about having an island to themselves to dwell upon their insecurities, but nonetheless they are there. The fear is not openly shown or discussed, but the boys are already subconsciously trying to cover it up. The boys do such things such as singling out Piggy in an attempt to make themselves feel more powerful and in control. Then, Jack pulls a knife on the piglet to try to show power and also to try to show immunity to fear, however, when he did so his face was white under the freckles. (31). Jack is already trying to act tough but at this point this cover that he puts on to hide from the fear has not reached nearly the point of savagery that it does later in the story. It is not until the first fire that the boys begin to openly show fear and even then they quickly change the subject. The cause of this realization of reality is that one of the littleuns disappears. The idea of making a rescue fire is so exciting that they let it get out of control. When the fire burns out they realize that one of the children is missing. When asked what has happened to the child with the mark on his face Ralph replies by saying Perhaps he went back to the, the-. . He knows what has happened, the boy was burned to death, but he does not want to admit it. This is like a wakeup call for the boys and they start to see the reality and the dangers of the situation. As the novel continues the fear is progressively growing in all of the children. By page 59, the fear of not knowing what would happen to them and if they would ever be rescued had grown to the point where the littleuns suffered from untold terrors in the dark and they huddled together for comfort. The littleuns were certainly afraid but had no way to really explain their fear or anything to blame it on. It is for this reason that they subconsciously create the beast. At first the biguns are too old and mature to believe in this beast. They realize that it is a figment of the littleuns imaginations and dont give it much thought. However, as their fear of being alone and not being rescued grows, so does their need for something concrete to aim their insecurities toward and to distract them from their real problem. This causes the biguns to begin to lose their common sense and to believe in the beast as well. Simon sees this, but when he tells the others maybe its only us, (89) referring to the beast; he is laughed off. The other boys will not even consider Simons ideas because they have convinced themselves that the beast is reality. As their fear grows so does their image of the beast, and unfortunately their savagery grows as well. This is most evident in Jack. When he is hunting he feels powerful. He is in control and he loves it. Hunting starts to become more than just a food source, it becomes his life. Not only does his hunting activity increase in frequency, it also becomes more and more vicious.

Changing roles of men and women in Australia

Changing roles of men and women in Australia Right, role, freedom for women and changing role between men and women was questioned in today society. Especially in Australia a very multicultural nation where one in four of its 22 million people were born overseas, have a parent who was and four million speak a language other than English. This essay will point out shifting roles of men and women by examining womens rights in different aspects of that multicultural society such as Health, Work, Politics, Popular culture, Home family and Education. Let go back to the 1930s. At that time, the men worked and earned money. The fathers were usually far away from their children. Whereas, the women just stayed at home and took care of home and children. It was generally accepted that womens roles were as Kindergartener and home-keeper. In the other words their destiny were getting married, having Childs and dedicating their lives to the requests of their husbands and children. This was part of the culture that men and women understood their places in society and accepted it. Furthermore, it was believed that if women work after the marriage, they were slack in their responsibility to their husbands and children. It also could be seen as being lax their obligation to the nation. This is because at those days evolving the number of the nations population was one of the most important problems. Therefore, people believed that settling the countrys population was womens duty. For these reasons just unmarried women often had good jobs. A working married woman was considered to be taking a mans job, however they were paid less than men. In addition to, Marriage and divorce laws favored men in terms of custody of children and rights to property. All of those were these sorts of inequalities. In the Second World War shortages of labour caused by so many men joining the armed forces opened the door for many more women to work. That was the beginning of change. Many women took up jobs that had previouslydominated by males such as Politics, military affairs, scientific research. Moreover standards of living changed. Technology has developed and it was reforming peoples lifestyles and domestic roles were altered by the invention of washing machines, vacuum cleaners and electricity. For many women this helped to save a lot of time in housework. Therefore since they have more great opportunities to study and contribute for society and following their interest. Many women have now reached higher situations within politics, the occupations and even business in Australia. Further more the introduction of the contraceptive tablet allowed people to more easily plan their families and decide to space their children. That brought a decrease in the number of children in each family. It also allowed married women to pursue careers without the worry of pregnancy interfering with their plans. In addition, much laws has been put in place that purpose to make equal opportunities for women in the workspace, such as good pay, childcare, anti-discrimination and rules against sexual harassment. For example during the 1980s women took leading roles in the nations affairs. In 1981 Senator Janine Haines became the first woman leader of a major political party-the Australia democrats. In 1986 Justice marry Gaudron was the first women to become a judge of the High court and 1989 Rosemary Follett became the first female chief minister of the ACT (Bereson 2001, p.3). And recently Julia was first sworn as the 27th Prime Minister of Australia on 24 June 2010. She was not born in Australia but she is a migrant. This event does not only mean but also confirms the great role of women in Australian society. As a results Australia has become one of the first nations in the world giving women the rights to vote and to be seated in parliament. From that the women in Australia now achieved higher positions within politics. It is no longer considered that these opportunities are not available to women. Indeed Besides politics, women also more successful in many different fields such as art and culture, sports, even in business. For example Louise Sauvage won a gold medal in Sydney Olympic Games 2000 (Costain 2003, P.4). Robin Archer-a woman of many talented she is a singer, writer and a director. She was artistic Director at Melbourne festival art in 2003 (Costain 2003, P.12). Even very traditional organizations such as religion, churches have changed their attitudes towards women, for example the Anglican Church in the mid-1980s in Melbourne accepted women to be ordained as ministers. Today in secondary schools and universities more women than men educated, and more women than men advanced in bachelor degrees in university. In 2006, women make up for 54.8 per cent of all tertiary education students and 47.5 per cent of all students enrolled in training courses and vocational education. The common were joined in society and culture, management and commerce, hospitality, food indust ries, and personal services courses. Also there are more than 30 per cent of small business operators in Australia are women. Women hold 57 per cent the Australian public service workforce and 36 per cent of senior executive situations. (Women-towards equality) The changing roles of women and greater participation in all levels of society, has led to the role of men to change. Men are now expected to be part of a household management team. In the other word they are ready to share domestic work with their wife. That never ever happened in 1930s. This has caused anxiety in men with traditional backgrounds. They are not sure of their roles any more. However In fact, women are still in a tougher situation than men when it approaches to vocations and work in general. Child care can be difficult to secure and is often too costly. For example if a child is ill it is usually the mother who will be likely to take their time off work to take care them. The greater responsibilities of teaching children, which are still considered womens responsibilities, mean that it is so tough for women to get full-time work especially in jobs requiring overtime. Because of this, instead of full time women usually have to do casual jobs or part-time. Most of these works are not career-orientated positions, so it is not realizable for women to reach higher positions in their work. Furthermore womens attendance is especially strong throughout common culture. Womens image in film clips, movies, magazines, television shows, newspapers and even news programmers is often as a sexualized decoration. There for Women have often been discriminated against, esp ecially on sexual harassment, even at work. Ultimately, any change also has two sides. Although the position of women in Australia society has been confirmed, it also means their responsibility is heavier. Especially in some fields that require physical strengths, superior skills and health. These things women are inferior to men. However all string of success mentioned above helped to break down traditional ideas about what women could or could not do. It made women more visible in public society and enabled them to lead lives that were much nearer to mens lives in standings of liberty and selection.

English in Pakistan

English in Pakistan THE AUDIENCE OF THE ANALYSIS The audience of this analysis is all primary school as the writing will focus on the existing teaching techniques at this level and will concentrate on the anomalies in this methodology. The revised 2006 English Teaching curriculum is completely based on the ongoing teaching technique. The revised curriculum 2006 for the first time introduced English at the level of grade 1 which used to be introduced to students at 6 grade before 2006. This is a milestone in the history of Pakistan that students of government run schools could start learning English from the very first year of school. The government new education policy unveiled on 12 March 2009 with a hope to reduce the illiteracy to a great level. The policy will be implemented at the expiry of National Education Policy 2008-2010 next year. But revised English curriculum and the new national policy does not draw attention to the mammoth problem of obsolete teaching techniques especially English curriculum at all levels. To overcom e these issues we will deeply look into the Communicative Language Teaching techniques which will resolve the long standing issues of the country and put the teaching techniques on the right track. POLICY ANALYSIS TIME AND PROCESS SPENT ON THE POLICY DEVELOPMENT It is arduous to forecast the exact time the Ministry of Education (MoE) undertook the task of coming up with a revised curriculum for English in 2006. As the national education policy 1998-2010 introduced in 1998 was heavily criticised for being inadequate to cater the needs of the country in twenty first century and very soon MoE realised the gravity of the mistakes when the new education policy was heading towards complete collapse. To save its face the MoE came up with a new idea to revise some of the most defective policies. INTENDED AUDIENCE The analysis is going to focus on the problems of teachers, students and the curriculum. The analysis is restricted to the primary system of education in the biggest province of Punjab. FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE ANALSYIS The main function and purpose of the policy analysis is to focus on the drawbacks in the teaching methodology and the proposed curriculum introduced at the primary level. How these problems are adversely affecting the people involved with education sector, especially the students who are at the receiving end. TYPE OF KNOWLEDGE The analysis is both non-interpretative and interpretative. NATURE OF POLICY The analysis is non-perspective as it will have a wide approach towards the existing policy. â€Å"A non-perspective policy text†¦ is construed so that the reader is allowed a great deal of latitude as to how they interpret its message(s)† (Scott, 2000, pp 18). Scott adds â€Å"if the text is non-perspective, the reader is not asked to behave or think in a certain way but is offered a number of possibilities which they can then choose from† (ibid, pp 18-19). The writing will be based on the views, analysis and research of different educationists, analysts and opinion. It will focus on both the traditionalist approach and CLT approach and how it works out for a country like Pakistan. The topic is wide focus on the English teaching techniques at primary level in Pakistan and how this is effecting the students in term of their progress. The CLT will be dealt with in depth to address the issue the English teaching as a second/foreign language. While talking about the new approach we will keep our focus on Pakistan’s primary level language teaching techniques. One figure is used but graphics and statistics have not been employed as the topic under discussion is of generic nature and involves opinion and research of different researchers and educationists. PAKISTAN AND ENGLISH Worldwide the significance of English as a language of communication cannot be overlooked. As communication is the most fundamental aspect of human life (Thompson 2003:1) and a language works as a key mean of communication for humans (Clark et. al. 1994:1). The communication process starts first at communal level but this circle widens up when people from different communities and societies interacts with one another. As the world has become a global village the English rightly fulfils the need for a common lingua franca to bridge the widening gap between world communities. Nowadays English is widely considered as a global language and according to Brutt-Griffler (mentioned in Mackay 2002:12) due to its some of the most appealing features it holds this position. The popularity of English these days could be judged from the fact more than 85 percent international organisations worldwide employ English as the main language, for instance in Asia and the Pacific ninety percent of the org anisations officially use English (MacKay 2002:17). The national language of Pakistan is Urdu but English has been the official language for communication over the last six decade since its independence. The Kachru’s concentric model describes Pakistan’ position in a very well manner as it falls in the outer-circle of the model. This circle includes the earlier period of the extension of English in non-native countries where it has become a part of a countrys chief institutions, and plays an important second language role in a multilingual setting and includes 50 other territories. Fig. 1 The University Grants Commission of Pakistan (1982) in a â€Å"Report on the Teaching of Language† deemed the English as the language of knowledge, technology, and international communication, as an important second language’. Furthermore the report adds regarding the future of English in Pakistan that it would be employed in the near future as the language of technology and for international communication and soon English is going to hold the position of global lingua franca and ignoring language would be detrimental for any country especially for a country like Pakistan which is already having advantages in the form of past knowledge of English (UGC 1982:14). This statement reveals the significance of English for a third world state like Pakistan and recently the government decided to introduce English at all Government Schools from the year one (MoE 2007) and shun the existing policy of teaching English at grade 6 (i.e. sixth year of schooling). EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY First of all it is vital to comprehend the structure of education system in Pakistan in order to focus in better manner on the topic under discussion. For a long time English has been an integral component of the syllabus. The education in Pakistan can be dissected into five main levels but we will discuss only two main categories at school level: Primary Level: The primary level comprises of 1-5 grades and students of age 3-11. At this level the medium of instructions at government schools is Urdu while schools under provincial governments use local/regional languages as the medium. As mentioned above now the government is planning to introduce English at this level both at federal and provincial schools. Secondary Level: This level can be further segmented into two main stages: Middle school, which includes pupil of grade 6-8, and Higher school consisting of grade 9-10 students. The age group for this level varies between 11-18 years and is of great significance because at this stage of education the syllabus commences towards specialisation in a specific field or disciple and decides towards the future of a student. For instance at this stage a student decides whether he intends to pursue science subjects or arts subjects, the two most common choices available for students at higher school (9-10 grades). Ironically, the medium of instructions at this stage depends on the kind of institution, for example, in private schools the ‘O Levels’ system or ‘Senior Cambridge’ system of education are in vogue and therefore English is the primary source of instruction. While in government schools, also called the ‘Urdu Medium Schools’, the local curriculum of English is taught as the name suggests the medium of instruction is in Urdu. ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Since independence of Pakistan in 1947 all successive governments have been aiming at introducing new and robust education policy to ameliorate the obsolete education system left by the British Empire. But most of these efforts have gone down the drain due to insincere, apathetic and sloppy policies of the government and one can judge the failure of these policies from the fact that in the last 62 years Pakistan introduced 11 education policies (1947, 1951, 1959, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1992, 1998, 2010) without any beneficial outcome. As educational analysts rightly infer that the number of education policies does not mean we are over-concerned about poor education standard or under-performance of these policies but it means precisely the opposite. For instance in 1998 the education policy 1998-2010 was introduced but within a couple of years of its launch it led to the complete collapse of the education system and to shroud this downfall the Ministry of Education rushed to in troduce a new revised curriculum in 2006 (MoE 2007 available at http://www.moe.gov.pk/). This reveals the pathetic situation of crumbling educational system of the country. Now the government has announced initial National Education Policy 2009 which will be enforced from 2010. We will focus on the obsolete English teaching methodology in practice and unfortunately like in the past the Ministry of Education’s revised curriculum for ‘English Language 2006’ totally avoids this issue (ibid). Curriculum planning can be seen as the systematic attempt by educationalists and teachers to specify and study planned intervention into the educational enterprise (Nunan 1988: 1). But in Pakistan the government has never thought on this line and the existing situation has gone from bad to worse where English language teaching is considered as being dissatisfactory, non-conducive and counter-productive for learning the language in Pakistan (Warsi 2004). The educationists summari se the English language teaching techniques in vogue at different levels of education in the following context: Teaching methodology is scant of deep approaches to learning or in other words lack of connection to personal, experience of the learner, conceptualisation and integration. For language learning it has the implication of memorizing facts about language and lack of contextualized, authentic use of the target language with a focus on meaning. Curriculum based teaching and learning. An emphasis on rote memorisation. More focus and emphasis on transfer and assessment of factual knowledge rather than assessment of critical thinking and analytical skills (Rehmani 2003:3) The above features indicate the traditional approach to teaching of English language. Nunan further elaborates the main elements of this traditionalist approach: Area Model View of learning Transmission of knowledge Power relation Emphasis on teacher’s authority Teacher’s role Providing frontal instruction Learner’s role Passive / individual work View of knowledge Presented as ‘certain’ View of curriculum Static; predefined content and product Learning experience Knowledge of facts, concepts skills; focus on content and product Control of process Teacher structured learning Motivation Extrinsic Evaluation Product oriented: achievement testing; criterion referencing (Nunan 1999:7) Nunan correctly draws the traditional methodology in English teaching in the country where the traditionalists view and focus on the language as a structured system of grammatical patterns, with a higher focus of such techniques on formal and bookish language. Such approach aims to have pupils producing formally correct sentences and in terms of skills, an emphasis on reading and writing (Nunan 1988:26-27). Globally there has been a greater tendency towards research and development in the field of language teaching techniques and approaches but haplessly Pakistan education system is oblivious of such developments in the world. Warsi laments â€Å"the obsolete [grammar] translation method is still being adopted by most language programmes† (Warsi 2004) and the facets of language teaching programmes are irrelevant to the most fundamental requirements of students (ibid). Since 1960s, there is an ambition to formulate language teaching more responsive to the needs of the student a nd this has been a consistent feature of both writing and practical experimentation in language teaching (Tudor 1996:66). Tudor further advocates such approach and opines that it permits students to ‘play a fuller, more active and participatory role in their language study’ (ibid). And it develops language teaching more effective as the teaching process is highly helpful to the needs, characteristics and expectations of learners. Tudor insists that immense need for different kind of language skills within a swiftly evolving social and economic context made it indispensable for â€Å"a language teaching profession to develop appropriate tools for identifying learner’s communicative needs and for translating them into coherent course structures† (Tudor 1996:8). Tudor’s argument truly reflects the need of development skills in the education sector of Pakistan to foster the needs of a strong and well-educated society and a robust education system for th e present and the future. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emerged in 60s as an approach towards the teaching of language which lay emphasis on interaction as a source of learning a foreign language. The approach in CLT is totally different from the traditionalist approach as it is a wider approach which is based on a list of common principles and characteristics. As CLT can be well defined by Nunan’s five points: An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation. The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the Learning Management process. An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. (Nunan 1991, 279) The main aim of CLT is to make a student capable of achieving communicative competence in the foreign language so that he can utilize the language for doing the similar tasks which it undertakes in day to day life. In other words its application should be reflective of the circumstances or events surrounding and should not be based on imaginative or unrealistic ideas. Until 1970s teaching and learning system was deemed as system of rules and the learners were assumed to internalize such rules (Nunan 1999:9). The approach was contradictory to CLT because it focus on set rules of teaching and a set path which could never be breached or in other words simply the teaching of fundamental like grammar of a language while there is no emphasis on its application and usage in the language. As Richard contends that language ability cannot be restricted to just grammar and it involves more than merely memorizing grammar and the grammar and other features of a language should be applied properly and purposefully for different communicative purpose and therefore the focus of learning and teaching need to be directed towards the use of language and not just the knowledge of language (Richards 2007:9). ENGLISH CURRICULUM AND TEACHING TECHNIQUES IN PAKISTAN In third world countries like Pakistan, the teaching curriculum, especially English curriculum, has been the centre of criticism over the last couple of decades. The English curriculum is obsolete and outdated which has been in practice since colonial rule over the sub-continent. Before 2006 to the worse of students at government owned schools important subject like English was introduced at the secondary level or 6th grade and at this stage the students started learning the ABC of English. The revised 2006 English curriculum for the first time introduced English at 1st grade. The new revised English curriculum only focuses on outlining the policy but does not focus on the problems at the heart of the system. The organisation of the curriculum framework reveals that students of primary level have been divided into two categories of I-II and III-V with the aim to develop a solid base for the tender age students in order to develop them into autonomous learners and to develop skills an d understanding to build a foundation for later studies. This policy guideline for the English curriculum also sets different benchmark for different groups of students. For instance the benchmark summarised in table 2.3 at page 11 for grade III-V reveals that the planner of the policy has concentrated more on the grammar. The government while introducing such syllabus overlooks the capabilities of the government schools to enforce such policy. One can understand the level of competency the curriculum plans to achieve for the students for instance one of the competency objective for grade one student is to learn how a student will hold a book, open a book and turn pages of a book correctly (Revised Curriculum, section 3, page 22). The other competency objective for the same group is tantamount to spoon feeding where a student is supposed to tell what comes before and after an alphabet (ibid, page 25). Furthermore on the page 26 of the curriculum the grade-I students are supposed to learn the poem by heart which will help them in developing reading and thinking skills (ibid, page 26). The big question mark is how a student is supposed to memorise something which is new for him without knowing or understanding the meaning and what is the main purpose of that exercise which a grade-I student is going to adopt and does it help towards the aim of developing a student reading and thinking sills. The writing skills of the curricul um (page 27) focuses on how a student will hold a pencil correctly, draw different lines, draw within the lines, trace and copy small and capital letters, write number from 1 to 10, write date, name, phone number etc. The ‘formal and lexical aspect of language’ again diverts the student from English towards local languages which defocus them from their main objective (page 33). These are some of the aspects of the revised English curriculum which reflects the insincerity and lack of dedication to introduce new English teaching techniques and a fresh syllabus based on modern knowledge. The curriculum is seen by most of the critics as a repetitive and ineffective guideline for the teachers and students which will hardly benefit any of the two. The teaching guideline is more inclined towards the traditionalist approach and there is no room for any reform towards adaptation of new techniques being practiced worldwide for teaching English. The curriculum does not work to ame nd the existing practice of teaching where the students are the biggest losers. The curriculum restricts to develop and promote the internal abilities of the student by binding them to follow, adopt and think within limited parameters without any concession to go out of those limits and this in turn leads to lost of confidence and self-learning capabilities. I put the question regarding the new English curriculum to a former senior Professor of English, Mr. Safdar Rana, (at Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan) who is associated with teaching profession for over 30 years, he ridiculed the syllabus and said: â€Å"the syllabus is the same obsolete which I started teaching at primary level in 1967, it is 100 percent the same. The same syllabus includes topic like write the story of ‘greedy dog’, ‘union is strength’, ‘write a letter to father thanking him for buying a pen’, essay of ‘Journey by Bus’ etc is going on and Ministry of education is happy that they are promoting education and in their mind this system is the best in the third world. But actually the current English teaching techniques and the curriculum are not student-friendly and their learning process has stopped as they do not use their abilities and skills but heavily dependent on rote memorisation.† To another question regarding the improvement in English teaching standard, expressing his sorrow, he replied: â€Å"how one can expect improvement in education when not a single government tried to change the system, the teachers are under-educated and ill-equipped to teach the students because they are adopting the old techniques of teaching and an obsolete syllabus left by British before independence; these techniques and syllabus has been rejected by the rest of the world as counter-productive and inefficient but still this is in practice over here. Second how a teacher can teach a crowded class of 80 students, you cannot introduce new system in such circumstances. The government is heedless to the student-teacher problems and this sector has been completely ignored by all political and military government came to power.† To a question that teacher are against new techniques like CLT, he opined: â€Å"as far as I am concerned I will welcome any such change. But the government has never introduced any such scheme or system in the past and it will be wrong to say that teachers are against any such techniques. But it is an upheaval task as it needs long term massive investment in term of finance and human resources and serious and consistent efforts are needed on the part of current and any future governments to train, monitor and supervise up to half million teachers where 70 percent of government schools are located in rural and far flung areas of the country.† As Hindal furthers the argument that the techniques of teaching and learning are fully relied upon the well-organised and effective memorisation of information and procedures, which is part of the text books or lecture notes, and its later recollection in exams (2007). This pattern of teaching and learning techniques is common at all levels of education (Hindal 2007). In this setup the student and teachers are very rarely rewarded for their comprehension and the rewards in exams are completely based on retention and memory (ibid). The main trend in such system is that how much a student is capable of memorising and recalling and the learning or success is not based on learning, understanding or using its capabilities. It is a common concept that those teachers in Pakistan have been successful in a system which rewards accurate recall because comprehension is not valued highly for learners at all level. Reid in 1979 gave this idea that for a change of an approach, new information needs to interact with the long-term existing memory. Reid contends that there is no possibility of change in attitude if there is failure to establish mental relationship. Reid identifies specific kind of circumstances where there is higher probability of interaction and this will include learning situations which are active or in other words the student should be involved with the new material, feelings or experiences. This theory rightly suggests that the English text books and curriculum in Pakistan have failed to develop positive attitudes among learners and teachers towards English language. In third world countries like Pakistan the teacher is deemed as the ‘fount of knowledge’ and not as a facilitator (Liu1998:5). Liu emphasise the needs and significance of a proper teaching methodology in accordance with the cultures of these countries instead of completely depending on the western researchers and approaches for their need as some western techniques are not going to work out for a poor country (Liu1998:4). CONCLUSION The education standard at primary level cannot be improved without complete overhaul and innovation of the existing teaching techniques and curriculum which merely promotes the traditionalist approach sans any hope of development. The traditionalist approach to teaching could be replaced with Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) which is the best alternative to the existing system of education, especially for teaching English as a second language. The introduction of new curriculum is not up to the standard to assist the pupils to engage their natural abilities and skills but it discourage them to be innovative, constructive and confident. The successful student in such system is that who blindly adopts and follows the current education system. The Ministry of Education (MoE) has been following a vicious circle of education policies and strategies for a very long time with this hope that this path will lead to success but by end of day the MoE comes to the same point from where they started in 1947.

An Epidemic Essay -- Health, Coronary Heart Diseases

The focus of this research is coronary heart disease (CHD) and the vulnerable population in the community in Duval County, Jacksonville, Florida. To understand the population, one must be aware of the demographics of the community in question. Duval County is on the Northeast coast of Florida and has a population of over 900,000 (Duval County Health Department, Institute for Health Policy and Evaluation Research [DCHD], 2008). Of this population, 64.4% is white, 31.3% is black and 4.1% is other races (DCHD, 2008). Approximately 51% is female and 49% is male (DCHD, 2008). Duval County consists of suburban, rural, and urban areas and has a total of six health zones made up of zip codes (DCHD, 2008). The community in emphasis is The Clara White Mission and its surrounding area. The Clara White Mission is located in health zone one and their zip code is 32206. Health zone one is considered the most urban area in Duval County with a population density of 2766.5 people per mile compared health zone five being the most rural with a population density of 177.1 people per square mile (DCHD, 2008). Zone one also has the largest number of minority residents in Duval County, which is 83% of the population compared to the lowest minority in zone six with a population of 18% (DCHD, 2008). In Duval County 41% of all blacks live in zone one. Health zone one has the lowest average household income with $21,815 and the highest poverty level with 26% of the population living below poverty level in comparison health zone five has the highest average household income with $53,972 and the lowest poverty at a rate of 5% (DCHD, 2008). Duval County’s average household income is $41,118 (DCHD, 2008). In 2000, health zone one had the lowest e... ...ck, and 470,000 will have a recurrent attack this year (AHA, 2010). CHD makes up for more than half of all cardiovascular events in men and woman over the age of 75 years old (AHA, 2010). Furthermore, the lifetime risk for developing CHD after the age of 40 is 32% for women and 49% for men (AHA, 2010). In closing, it is apparent that the population, density, income and education, and race may be associated with the CHD mortality and morbidity rates in this population in Duval County. In addition, other factors may be associated with the CHD rates as well, such as behavioral risk factors and access to health care. We need to emphasize the health and wellness of the vulnerable population in the community of 32206 in Duval County. To help these individuals achieve healthy lifestyles and avoid or better manage CHD, for their future we need to create awareness.

The Day of Defeat Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Day of Defeat Operation Overlord, more commonly known as D-day, took place on June sixth, 1944; though, it was not originally planned to happen when it did. In August 1943, â€Å"President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, meeting in Quebec, Casablanca, or at Yalta with Stalin, would approve or disapprove these plans. One of the first decisions to be made was the agreement to defeat Germany first and fight a holding action in the Pacific until Hitler fell.† (Dank, 7). They agreed that an invasion of Western Europe would be appropriate, almost a necessity, to defeat Germany, and they felt early May would be the proper time for such an undertaking, which was unprecedented at this time in world history due to its sheer size and scope. This would allow enough time for the detailed planning of the invasion, the practicing of paratrooper drops, the build up of troops, and the never ending briefings. After additional planning, the leaders decided that, in the b est interests of the invasion, it should be postponed until a later date. â€Å"...this operation is fraught with hazards. Unless these hazards are squarely faced and adequately overcome, the operation cannot succeed. There is no reason why they should not be overcome, provided the energies of all concerned are bent to the problem.† (www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/wwii/g4-OL/g4-OL.htm). The date that the invasion would finally take place would be June sixth. June sixth was chosen as the date for Operation Overlord because of many factors which included; a lack of troops that would be available at the original set date; tidal conditions; weather; and a late rising moon. Originally the invasion was going to take place sometime in early May, but when early May approached some of the troops were still engaged in battles elsewhere and would not be available by the time the invasion was scheduled to take place. If the invasion was to have been carried out when it was originally plan ned, the troops would have had to have been spread so thinly, in an attempt to try and cover for absent troops, that the outcome of the mission might have been jeopardized. Since every man was needed for the invasion to succeed it was decided to delay the start date. This invasion would be either a victory over Hitler, or an unfathomable defeat. No matter which outcome, there was going to be a large fatali... ...Since the Allies were not ready when the original D-Day date approached, a new date had to be selected. Many factors were considered in the selection of a new date, and June sixth was chosen as the soonest date that had conditions favorable to the success of the mission. Since Field Marshal Rommel had ordered debris to be dumped in the water around the Normandy shore, creating huge obstacles, one condition was absolutely essential to the Allies; low tide. The tide had to be low to allow allied troops to deploy from landing craft behind the obstacles placed under water. The light breeze that was forecast would clear the beaches of the smoke screens that the Allies would lay down, and a late rising moon was a definite benefit, as it would greatly increase the paratroopers’ safety, since the enemy would not be able to see them. Works Cited †¢ Dank, Milton. Turning Point of World War II. New York: Franklin Watts, 1984. †¢ â€Å"Outline of Operation Overlord† Section VII www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/wwii/g4-OL/g4-OL.htm 17 April 2003 †¢ â€Å"D-Day: Operation Overlord† www.thirdreichpages.org/normandy.htm 23 April 2003 †¢ â€Å"Preparations† www.geocities.com/paddyjoe_m/prep.html 23 April 2003

Types of Criticism and Literary Movements in Short Stories :: Free Essay Writer

Types of Criticism and Literary Movements in Short Stories The short story dates back as early as the 14th Century. It offers what a novel or the equivalent would offer but it has a swiftness and completeness about it. According to Ruby Redinger, the short story is most powerful through graphic narration (752). The short story has captured a diverse group of things from the supernatural to an everyday occurrence. Nearly any situation can be worked into a short story if the right writer is managing the idea. The first masters of the short story in the eyes of Redinger were Boccaccio, Decameron, and Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (752). These stories were both written during the 14th Century. During the Renaissance period the short story lost its edge and writers’ attempts to do what Boccaccio and Chaucer had done failed. In the 19th Century America was the first to declare the short story as a literary form. During this time the authors Edgar Allan Poe, Washington Irving, and Nathaniel Hawthorn contributed to the survival of the short story . During this timeframe realism, romanticism, and impressionism were the more common literary movements. The short story can also use many other forms and types of criticism to describe it. A few different forms are surrealism, Dadaism, Imagism, Romanticism, and many others. The satire is both a type of literature and a literary manner. It has an early history in poetry as a genre. C. Hugh Holman states that it originated in the 2nd Century B.C. by Roman satirist Lucilius and later practiced by Horace, Persius, Juvenal, and Quintilian (294). A satire is more frequently a literary manner in which the imperfections of a person, entire mankind, or an institution are ridiculed with the intention of correcting them. Satire is also applied to magic songs and ritualistic incentives in Greek, Old Irish, and Arabic literatures, where the ritual curse was believed to have powerful effects. The satire is often confused with the satyr play of Greek drama and coarse comic manner. This has influenced and confused the ideas about a satire in English literature. Although the satire is often comic, its primary object is not to provoke general laughter but to provoke laughter for corrective purposes. The satire always has a target, which is held up to mock upon the satiri st’s unveiling. The satirist’s viewpoint is nearly that of the cold-eyed realist, that penetrates shame and pretense for a didactic reason.

Krispy Kreme Case Analysis Essay

Krispy Kreme does not have one particular target market and are not  categorized as one business type; they have various tactics to appeal to various markets. They also target school, local organizations and businesses. He primary market, those ranging from the ages 20-30 years old, are Krispy Kreme’s main focus. This is where the majority of their business comes from. These are your everyday commuters who desire a sweet treat, or coffee to help outlast a long day at work. Their purchases may be small or cheap, but business is usually consistent, as are sales. Krispy Kreme appeals to schools as a fundraising opportunity. Doughnuts are very inexpensive when purchased in bulk, and easy to sell. Krispy Kreme offers certificates, coffee, partnership cards, and doughnuts to schools to raise money. Gift certificates are less of a burden, and those selling them don’t have to deal with ordering and delivering doughnuts after you’ve made the sale. This makes things easi er for both the customer and fundraiser. Offering fundraisers to schools increases awareness of Krispy Kreme, serves as sales promotion, whilst building a relationship with schools and the community. The money earned from these fundraisers are usually used to improve the school or purchase uniforms as shown on Krispy Kreme’s â€Å"Fundraising† page on their site. Local organizations and businesses purchase Krispy Kreme’s products for retailing. Competitors Competitors Competitors Starbucks McDonalds Nestles Dunkin Donuts Einstein Bagels Panera bread Starbucks Bruegges Enterprise Dunkin Donuts Yum! Brand Starbucks International Dairy Queen Starbucks target Audience- Affluent customers Well educated customers White Collar Patterns The age of the target market was between 25 and 44. Eventually, the company decided to expand its target market to include young, less-educated and low-income consumers. A large portion of coffee drinkers is found in urban areas of the United States. It is because most of educated and working professionals live in the urban areas. It is because most of educated and working professionals live in the urban areas. With the rapid expansion, Starbucks targeted customers of every age group. Einstein Bagels That target market is younger than other coffee shops and is aimed at people between age 25 and 50. Dunkin Donuts Dunkin Donuts target market is the blue collar workers (18-60) of America who likes the quick service that Dunkin Donuts provides. Also within its target market are kids, highly due to its name. Recently Dunkin Donuts has been targeting the market of affluent women and professionals Krispy Kreme Strengths 1. Company brand image and reputation. 2. Proprietary doughnut-making equipment, and capability to supply to  franchises at profitable prices. Krispy Kreme Weakness 1. Competitors are larger and well established in their markets, tougher to compete head to head once newness is over. 2. Core product does not incorporate health/weight conscious consumers. Krispy Kreme Opportunities 1. Add more stores in current target markets to make it convenient for all areas. 2. Attract a broader range of customers and sell more products to existing customers by enhancing present menu offerings, esp in coffee and coffee drinks. Krispy Kreme Threats 1. Competitors concerned about KK rapid growth and market share gains and erosion of their own market positions, may well be compelled to rejuvenate their product menus, this would be costly battle for KK. 2. Consumer habits changing One strategy alternative in each cell matrix would be One strategy in strengths/ Opportunity would be to increase marketing, incorporating social networks One strategy in Weakness/Opportunity would be growing new markets or increase the product line to incorporate healthier choices. One strategy in Strength/Threats promoting healthier product line One strategy in Weaknesses/Threats would be to avoid developing existing markets by existing products Strategic issues with supporting data: 1. Krispy Kreme management should meet with franchisees and explore again the  plans for opening new stores, it would seem to make sense to accelerate the pace of new stores openings at least in those areas where the enthusiasm for the products has been so great. 2. Adapt to consumer desires. Increase product development, i.e., healthier choices. 3. Lack of corporate governance. Matching the Strengths of franchise opportunities, Krispy Kreme is highly favorable. Its resource strengths and competitive assets easily outweigh its resource weaknesses and competitive liabilities. The company has plenty of opportunities it can pursue to continue to grow more rapidly, the company should have little difficulty opening several hundred more stores, Dunkin Donuts has 3,600 in the US alone versus just over 180 for KK. Their strategy is a solid one, with competitive advantages in product quality, product appeal, brand reputation, and ability to attract high caliber franchises because of vertical integration into doughnut making equipment, doughnut mixes and coffee. The threats are still in the foreground, the product excitement being created by Krispy Kreme could end up helping grow the market for doughnuts and help over come the relatively flat demand for doughnuts that has prevailed. A costly battle for market share can be avoided. #4 Three of Krispy Kreme’s strategic issues using SMART format: According to Return on Assets, there has been an increase from 1998, with a slight decrease due to further investment of assets in 2002. The company is converting money into net income, therefore, quickly enough to add more stores in the mix. Return on Equity offers a profit generating efficiency for investors. The decrease in 2002 is because of improvements in company’s operations. Intangible assets are also excluded like the brand name. SMART goal: Specific: To create shareholder wealth through an ambitious growth strategy meanwhile, using a thorough marketing strategy Measurement: increasing brand awareness through strong positioning and optimizing distribution channels, therefore, creating brand loyalty Aggressive: maintain a healthy increase in net sales, 10-20%, while optimizing efficiency. Realistic: Increase the number of franchise stores to bring brand awareness and loyalty Time-bound: capitalizing on the growth of the market, increase store  franchises over the next three years

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 5~6

CHAPTER FIVEHey, Buddy, wherefore the declamatory Brain?The following(a) morning the quaternity of them s similarlyd in a row on the front of the old Pi atomic desensitizeer 53er Hotel, tone of voice across the Lahaina Harbor at the whitecaps in the steer. Wind was whipping the palm trees. elaborate by the breakwater two smallr girls were trying to surf waves whose faces were bumpy with crest chop and whose curls blew pricker e very(prenominal)where the crests kindred the hair of a sprinter.It could calm down pat(p), Amy say. She was rest following(a) to Kona, mentation, This guys pecs ar so cut you could stick business separate below them and theyd stay. And my, is he harsh topaz. Where Amy came from, no one was tan, and she hadnt been in hullo long toler sufficient to realize that a good tan was still a function of c everyplaceing up.Supposed to stay manage this for the next common chord 20-four hour periods, Nate verbalise. As disappointed as he a ppeared to be, he was extraordinarily anyeviated that they wouldnt be loss push with this morning. He had a rogue hang over, and his eyes were bloodred freighter his sunglasses. Self-loathing had set in, and he pattern, My lifes organise is doodly-squat, and if we went divulge thither at once and I didnt slip by the morning ret bring upg over the side, Id be tempted to over take myself. He would rather cave in been thinking ab assign up whales, which is what he usually thought to the proudest degree. past he noniced Amy mouse glances at Konas bare chest and matt-up even worse.Ya, mon. Kona brush excursion spark up a spliff and calm down that bumpy brine for all me parvenue science dreadies. We can reward the gravy arrester no matter what the wind be, Kona said. He was thinking, I stick no interrogative sentence what the hell Im blathering ab forbidden, nevertheless I really ask to get turn bring break through there with the whales.Breakfast at Lon gees, and so well settle how it timbers, ashes said. He was thinking, Well suck up breakfast at Longees, and whence well gather how it looks.None of them moved. They unspoilt s a a ilk(p)d there, feel out at the blowout channel. Occasionally a whale would blow, and the mist would run over the water like a panicky ghost.Im buying, the Gr eradicate Compromiser said.And they all leveled up effort alley to Longees restaurant, a two-story gray-and-white figing, done in a New England architecture with shiplap railroad siding and huge open windows that looked across reckon Street, over the stone seawall, and out onto the Au au Channel. By way of a shirt, Kona slipped on a tattered Nautica windbreaker hed had create from raw material or so his waist.You do a kitty of sailing? Amy asked, nodding to the Nautica logo. She intended the honor as dig, a return for Konas saying, And who be this s directlyy cookie? when theyd kickoff met. At the time Amy had scantily introduc ed herself, entirely in retrospect she realized that she should belike arrive at interpreted near offense to being beseeched both snowy and a biscuit those things were objectifying, near?Shark bait kit, me bloodless biscuit, Kona answered, meaning that the windbreaker had come from a tourist. The Paia surfing community on the northbound Shore, from which Kona had recently come, had an economy based all on petty theft, mostly smash-and-grabs from permitting cars.As the host led them done the crowded dining mode to a postpone by the windows, trunk leaned over Amys shoulder and whispered, A biscuit is a good thing.I knew that, Amy whispered seat. like a tomato, right?Heads up, trunk said, just as Amy plowed into a chromatic package of balding ambition cognise as Jon Thomas instinct(predicate), CEO of Hawaii Whale Inc., a nonprofit grass with assets in the tens of millions that disguised itself as a research organization. overflowing had pushed his chair su bstantiate to intercept Amy.Jon Thomas stiff smiled and reached around the flustered Amy to shake overladens hand. awash(predicate) neglected the Great Compromiser and took Amy by the waist, steadying her. Hey, hey, there, ladened said. If you wanted to meet me, all you had to do was introduce yourself.Amy grabbed his wrists and guided his give to the gameboard in front of him, then stepped back. Hi, Im Amy Earhart.I hunch forward who you are, said chockablock(predicate), standing now. He was plainly a little taller than Arny, very tan and very lean, with a deal nose and a receding hairline like a knife. What I dont know is wherefore you submitnt come to see me slightly a job.Meanwhile, Nate, who had been thinking about whale margin call, had taken his seat, opened a menu, ordered coffee, and on the whole missed the fact that he was entirely at the table. He looked up to see Jon Thomas untasted holding his follower by the waist. He dropped his menu and headed bac k to the site of the intercept.Well, partly Amy smiled at the third young women sitting at Fullers table partly because I have both(prenominal) self-respect she curtsied and partly because youre a worm and a jamoke.Fullers dazzling grin dropped a level of magnitude. The women at his table, all milled in khaki safari move into to approximate the Discovery Channel lofty of what a scientist should look like, made commodious shows of looking elsewhere, wiping their mouths, sipping water not noticing their oldtimer acquire verbally bitch-slapped by a vicious research pixie.Nate, Fuller said, noticing that Nate had conjugated the group, I heard about the kick downstairs at your place. Nothing important wanting(p), I hope.Were fine. Lost some recordings, Nate said.Ah, well, good. A quid of lowlifes on this island now. Fuller looked at Kona.The surfer grinned. Shoots, brah, you make me blush.Fuller grinned. How you doing, Kona?All settle down runnings, brah. Bw ana Fuller got his evil on? in that respect were neck-s bundleping double takes all around. Fuller nodded, then looked back at Quinn. Anything we can do, Nate? there are a lot of our song recordings for sale in the shops, if those will help out. You guys get professional discount. Were all in this in concert.Thanks, Nate said just as Fuller sit down, then turned his back on all of them and resumed eating his breakfast, dismissing them. The women at the table looked embarrassed.Breakfast? the Great Compromiser said. He herded his team to their table.They ordered and drank coffee in silence, each looking out across the street to the ocean, avoiding eye contact until Fuller and his group had left.Nate turned to Amy. A jamoke? What are you, supporting in a Cagney scene?Who is that guy? Amy asked. She snapped the corner off a piece of toast with more force out than was really necessary.Whats a jamoke? Kona asked.Its a black rockweed of ice cream, right? Clay said.Nate looked at Ko na. How do you know Fuller? Nate held up his ringer and s glowing a protective glare, the now understood signal for no Rasta/pidgin/bullshit.I stooled the rave move subsidisation for him at Kaanapali.Nate looked to Clay, as if to say, You knew this?Who is that guy? Amy asked.Hes the head of Hawaii Whale, Clay said. Commerce masquerading as science. They use their permit to get three sixty-five-foot tourist boats right up next to the whales.That guy is a scientist?He has a Ph.D. in biology, simply I wouldnt call him a scientist. Those women he was with are his naturalists. I guess today was even too windy for them to go out. Hes got shops all over the island sells whale crap, nonprofit. Hawaii Whale was the only research group to oppose the thousand Ski ban during whale season.Because Fuller had cash in the coal-black Ski business, Nate added.I made six bucks an hour, Kona said.Nates work was instrumental in getting the Jet Ski parasail ban done, Clay said. Fuller doesnt like us.The mental institution may take his research permit next, said Nate. What science they do is bad science.And he blames you for that? Amy asked.I we have done the most behavioral stuff as it relates to grueling in these waters. The sanctuary gave us some gold to find out if the high-frequency noise from Jet Skis and parasail boats affected the behavior of the whales. We concluded that it did. Fuller didnt like it. It cost him.Hes passage to build a dolphin swim park, up La Perouse Bay way, Kona said.What? Nate said.What? said Clay.A swim-with-the-dolphins park? said Amy.Ya, mon. Let you come from Ohio and get in the water with them bottle-nosed dolphin fellahs for two hundred dollar.You guys didnt know about this? Amy was looking at Clay. He unendingly seemed to know everything that was going on in the whale world.First Ive heard of it, tho theyre not going to let him do it without some studies. He looked to Nate. Are they?Itll neer happen if he loses his research permit, Nate said. Therell be a check.And youll be on the review board? asked Amy.Nates name would solidify it, Clay said. Theyll ask him.Not you? Kona asked.Im just the photographer. Clay looked out at the whitecaps in the channel. Doesnt look like well be getting out today. Finish your breakfast, and then well go constitute your rent.Nate looked at Clay quizzically.I cant excrete him money, Clay said. Hell just smoke it. Im going to go pay his rent.Truth. Kona nodded.You dont still work for Fuller, do you, Kona? Nate asked.Nate Amy admonished.Well, he was there when I appoint the office sacked.Leave him alone, Amy said. Hes too cute to be bad.Truth, said Kona. Sistah Biscuit speak nothin tho the truth. I be massive cute.Clay set a stack of bills on the table. By the way, Nate, you have a lecture at the sanctuary on Tuesday. Four days. You and Amy might want to use the downtime to throw something together.Nate matte up as if hed been smacked. Four days? Theres nothing ther e. It was all on those hard drives.Like I said, you might want to use the downtime.CHAPTER sextetWhale WahineAs a biologist, Nate had a tendency to draw analogies between mankinde behavior and animal behavior probably a little more lots than was strictly healthy. For instance, as he considered his friendship to Amy, he wondered why it had to be so complex. why there had to be so many subtleties to the human mating ritual. wherefore cant we be more like common calamari? he thought. The male squid simply swims up to the female squid, hands her a neat package of sperm, she tucks it under her mantle at her leisure, and they go on their separate ways, their duty to the species done. Simple, elegant, no cultivationNate held the paper cup out to Amy. I poured some coffee for you. Im all coffeed out, thanks, said Amy.Nate set the cup down on the desk next to his own. He sat in front of the computer. Amy was perched on a high stool to his left going through the hardbound landing f ield journals covering the polish four years. Are you going to be able to put together a lecture out of this? she asked.Nate rubbed his temples. De fire a handful of aspirin and six cups of coffee, his head was still throbbing. A lecture? most what?Well, what were you planning to do a talk on before the office was ransacked? Maybe we can reconstruct it from the field notes and memory.I dont have that good a memory.Yes you do, you just need some mnemonics, which we have here in the field notes.Her locution was as open and hopeful as a childs. She waited for something from him, just a war cry to set her searching for what he needed. The worry was, what he needed right now was not going to be ground in biology field notes. He needed answers of another kind. It bothered him that Fuller had known about the break-in at the compound. It was too soon for him to have found out. It also bothered him that anyone could hold him in the variant of disdain that Fuller obviously did. Nate h ad been born and raised in British Columbia, and Canadians hate, above all things, to offend. It was part of the topic consciousness. Be polite was an unwritten, unspoken rule, but ingrained into the psyche of an entire country. (Of physique, as with any rule, there were exceptions parts of Quebec, where mess maintained the dismissive to the point of confrontation, with attendant surrender mind-set of the French and hockey, in which any Canadian may, with impunity, slam, pummel, elbow, smack, punch, body-check, and beat the shit out of, with sticks, any other human being, punctuated by profanities, name-calling, questioning parentage, and accusations of bestiality, usually coincidentally in French.) Nate was neither French-Canadian nor much of a hockey player, so the idea of having invoked malice enough in someone to have that person ruin his research He was mortified by it.Amy, he said, having separated out and returned to the room in a matter of seconds, he hoped, is there something that Im missing about our work? Is there something in the data that Im not seeing?Amy false the pose of Rodins The Thinker on her stool, her chin teed up on her hand, her brow furrow into moguls of earnest contemplation. Well, Dr. Quinn, I would be able to answer that if you had shared the data with me, but since I only know what Ive accumulate or what Ive analyzed personally, Id have to say, scientifically speaking, beats me.Thanks, Nate said. He smiled in spite of himself.You said there was something there that you were abutting to finding. In the song, I mean. What is it?Well, if I knew that, it would be found, wouldnt it?You must suspect. You have to have a scheme. Tell me, and lets apply the data to the surmise. Im free to do the work, reconstruct the data, but youve got to cartel me.No theory ever benefited by the application of data, Amy. Data kills theories. A theory has no better time than when its dissimulation there naked, pure, unsullied by facts . Lets just keep it that way for a while.So you dont really have a theory?Clueless.You lying bag of tip heads.I can fire you, you know. Even if Clay was the one that hired you, Im not all superfluous to this operation yet. Im kind of in charge. I can fire you. Then how will you live?Im not getting paid.See, right there. Perfectly good impression ruined by the application of fact.So fire me. No longer The Thinker, Amy had taken on the aspect of a colorful and evil elf.I think theyre communicating, Nate said.Of course theyre communicating, you abandon. You think theyre singing because they like the sound of their own voices?Theres more to it than that.Well, tell meWho calls someone a maroon? What the hell is maroon?Its a mook with a Ph.D. Dont change the subject.It doesnt matter. Without the acoustical data I cant even show you what I was thinking. Besides, Im not sure that my cognitive powers arent breaking down.Meaning what?Meaning that Im starting to see things, he thought. M eaning that scorn the fact that youre yelling at me, I really want to grab you and pet you, he thought. Oh, I am so fucked, he thought. Meaning Im still a little hungover. Im sorry. Lets see what we can put together from the notes.Amy slipped off the stool and equanimous the field journals in her arms.Where are you going? Nate said. Had he somehow offended her?We have four days to put together a lecture. Im going to go to my confine and do it.How? On what?Im thinking, Humpbacks Our Wet and marvelously Pals of the Deep Theres going to be a lot of researchers there. Biologists Nate interrupted. and Why We Should Poke Them with Sticks. Better, Nate said.I got it covered, she said, and she traveled out.For some reason he felt hopeful. Excited. Just for a second. Then, after hed watched her walk out, a wave of melancholy sweep over him and for the thirtieth time that day he regretted that he hadnt just plough a pharmacist, or a charter captain, or something that made you feel more alive, like a pirate.The old large-minded lived on a volcano and believed that the whales talked to her. She called about noon, and Nate knew it was her before he even answered. He knew, because she always called when it was too windy to go out.Nathan, why arent you out in the channel? the grizzly freehanded said.Hello, Elizabeth, how are you today?Dont change the subject. They told me that they want to talk to you. Today. Why arent you out there?You know why Im not out there, Elizabeth. Its too windy. You can see the whitecaps as well as I can. From the slope of Haleakala, the Old encompassing watched the activity in the channel with a two-hundred-power celestial telescope and a equalise of big eyes binoculars that looked like stereo bazookas on precision mounts that were anchored into a ton of concrete.Well, theyre upset that youre not out there. Thats why I called.And I pry your calling, Elizabeth, but Im in the middle of something.Nate hoped he didnt sound too ru de. The Old vast meant well. And they, in a way, were all at the mercy of her generosity, for although she had donated the Papa Lani compound, she hadnt exactly sign-language(a) it over to them. They were in a sort of permanent lease situation. Elizabeth Robinson was, however, very free-handed and very kindhearted indeed, even if she was a total loon.Nathan, I am not a total loon, she said.Oh yes you are, he thought. I know youre not, he said. simply I really have to get some work done today.What are you functional on? Elizabeth asked. Nate could hear her tapping a pencil on her desk. She took notes during their conversations. He didnt know what she did with the notes, but it bothered him.I have a lecture at the sanctuary in four days. Why, why had he told her? Why? Now shed rattle down the raft in her ancient Mercedes that looked like a Nazi staff car, sit in the audience, and ask all the questions that she knew in leaven he couldnt answer.That shouldnt be hard. Youve done t hat before, what, twenty times?Yes, but someone broke in to the compound yesterday, Elizabeth. All my notes, the tapes, the synopsis its all destroyed.There was silence on the line for a moment. Nate could hear the Old bighearted breathing. Finally, Im really sorry, Nathan. Is everyone all right?Yes, it happened while we were out working.Is there anything I can do? I mean, I cant send much, but if No, were all right. Its just a lot of work that I have to start over. The Old Broad might have been loaded at one time, and she certainly would be once again if she sold the land where Papa Lani stood, but Nate didnt think that she had a lot of money to spare after the last pack market. Even if she did, this wasnt a problem that could be solved with cash.Well, then, you get back to work, but try to get out tomorrow. Theres a big male out there who told me he wants you to bring him a hot pastrami on rye.Nate grinned and almost snorted into the phone. Elizabeth, you know they dont eat while theyre in these waters.Im just relaying the message, Nathan. Dont you hiss at me. Hes a big male, broad, like he just came down from Alaska frankly, I dont know why hed be hungry, hes as big as a house. But anyway, Swiss and hot English mustard, he was very clear about that. He has very unusual markings on his flukes. I couldnt see them from here, but he says youll know him.Nate felt his face go numb with something approximating shock. Elizabeth Call if you need anything, Nathan. My love to Clay. Aloha.Nathan Quinn let the phone slip from his fingers, then zombie-stumbled out of the office and back to his own cabin, where he decided he was going to nap and keep napping until he woke up to a world that wasnt so irritatingly weird.Right on the edge of a dream where he was gleefully steering a sixty-foot cabin cruiser up Second Street in downtown Seattle, plowing aside slow-moving vehicles while Amy, clad in a silver bikini and looking uncharacteristically tan, stood in the bow and waved to sight who had come to the windows of their second-story offices to marvel at the independence and power of the Mighty Quinn right on the edge of a perfect dream, Clay burst into the room. Talking.Konas moving into cabin six. throw some lines in the water, Amy, Nate said from the drears of morpheum opus. Were overture up on Pikes Place Market, and theres fish to be had.Clay waited, not preferably smiling, not quite not, while Nate sat up and rubbed sleep from his eyes. Driving a boat on the street? Clay said, nodding. All skippers had that dream.Seattle, said Nate. The Zodiac lives in cabin six.We havent used the Zodiac in ten years, it wont hold air. Clay went to the closet that acted as a divider between the living/ quiescence area and the kitchen. He pulled down a stack of sheets, then towels. You wouldnt believe how they had this banter living, Nate. It was a tin industrial building, out by the airport. Twenty, thirty of them, in little stalls with c ots and not enough room to swing a dead cat. The fit out was extension cords draped over the tops of the stalls. Six hundred a month for that.Nate shrugged. So? We lived that way the first couple of years. Its what you do. We might need cabin six for something. Storage or something.Nope, said Clay. That place was a sweat thump and a fire hazard. Hes not living there. Hes our guy.But Clay, hes only been with us for a day. Hes probably a criminal.Hes our guy, said Clay, and that was that. Clay had very strong views on loyalty. If Clay had decided that Kona was their guy, he was their guy.Okay, said Nate, feeling as if he had just invited the medusan in for a sandwich. The Old Broad called.How is she?Still nuts.Howre you?Getting there.